Punishment as a form of behaviour modification Essay

Introduction Punishment is a process through which â€Å"the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will recur† (Gray, 2002, pp.115). Further, punishment can be seen as an effort to decrease the response rate to stimuli by either removing a desired stimulus or presenting one which is undesired (Gray, 2002). Recent studies suggest that punishment can be an effective method of behaviour modification. However, as reported in Lerman and Vorndran (2002), there are a number of limitations to punishment as an intervention and subsequent negative side effects. For this reason, certain principles upon which the implementation of a successful punishment is dependent must be adhered to. In accordance to these findings, this†¦show more content†¦For this reason, experimenters such as Skinner and Thorndike either chose not to resort to punishment or to implement relatively minor stimuli as punishers. These constrained techniques allowed for the eventual return of the performance that was being disciplined, once the punishment was discontinued. However due to the recent use of more intense punishers, proof of the effectiveness of punishment has emerged, thus reversing the prior negative conclusions (Lieberman, 2000). Certain case studies, as reported in Browning and Stover (1971), have incurred results to support the value of punishment in modifying behaviour. One particular subject, Heidi, was referred to a treatment centre having been diagnosed with childhood autism. Heidi experienced little improvement from the application of social reinforcers and so it was determined that punishment may deliver more favourable results. The main behaviour that was targeted was self-biting and the punishment used was an electric shock administered immediately upon display of this behaviour. Whilst some complications had to be overcome â€Å"it was noted that, in the first day in which the electro-shock apparatus was employed by the investigator in an experimental setting, the self-injurious and aggressive behaviours dropped out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Browning amp; Stover, 1971, pp.208). Successful punishment techniques nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A relatively mild form of punishment, which is seen as one of the most effective in reducingShow MoreRelatedPunishment as a Form of Behaviour Modification2379 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Punishment is a process through which the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will recur (Gray, 2002, pp.115). Further, punishment can be seen as an effort to decrease the response rate to stimuli by either removing a desired stimulus or presenting one which is undesired (Gray, 2002). Recent studies suggest that punishment can be an effective method of behaviour modification. However, as reported in Lerman and Vorndran (2002), there are a number ofRead MoreA Study On Yoga Practice Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFrom Graph 3 and 4, the deviation is 0 for both frequency and duration in week 1 and 3, hence I achieved my goal. In week 2, the deviation is -2 days and -35 minutes because I did yoga for only 3 times and spent only 40 minutes practicing yoga. Behaviour response in week 2 is lower than week 1 and 3, however, the deviation still shows the improvement from the baseline. There is no observable trends seen in this 3 weeks period. From Graph 3 and 4, week 1 and 3 have equal frequency of yoga practiceRead MoreWhich Is More Effective, Treatment or Punishment?1334 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment and Punishment of Crime Angle of attack= which is more effective, treatment or punishment? A significant question that is asked about offenders is how can they be prevented from re-offending? 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Behaviourism can be simplified to a â€Å"stimulus-response relationship†(Pritchard

Environmental Pollution And Methods Of Management

Environmental Pollution and Methods of Management As recent as it may seem, pollution was actually an apparent issue even for the ancient civilizations since the fire they used to cook would release particles which would pollute the surrounding atmosphere. However, this kind of pollution that occurred in the previous civilizations did not pose much of a threat to the environment because it was very minimal. As time progressed the technological advancements that were made in the 19th and 20th centuries helped bring about an increased production and use of new substances such as chemicals and fossil fuels which enhanced people s standards of living. Several substances such as oil, insecticides and coal are all very proficient at providing their primary benefits like energy generation, but they each contribute to the damage and destruction being done the environment in some way. The result of utilizing these substances is now causing the natural world to experience far more extensive an d seismic pollution than anything that has ever before. Overusing these resources in order to satisfy the rising demand for them is inevitable since they are somehow involved or used to complete almost every job that people do in today s world, and this is ultimately making the pollution problem much worse. Therefore, the most practical solution that people have come up with is the safe and proper control of how these resources are obtained and used which will help minimize the pollution theyShow MoreRelatedMaking Better Decisions on Environmental Issues997 Words   |  4 Pages Intro to GIS and environmental management GIS (Geographic Information System) is a new geographical research technology since the 1960s, which is a powerful software that allows a virtually unlimited amount of information to be linked to a geographic location. 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Economic Condition of Australia & New Zealand-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss statistics on parts of an article, you will need to do this is in the middle part assignment due in week 6. Answer: There is always a changing nature in worldwide trade and this results in an uncertainty of the new and emerging technologies and globalization or effects in the policies (Buckley Casson, 2016). Additionally the environment involves continuously the landscapes of New Zealand and Australia. The communication with the two countries is greatly overrated with constant and revolutionary impacts of the uses of internet in the international limits. These factors influence in developing the economic rate of growth in the near future (Feige Vonortas, 2017). The factors relating to this growth can be then discussed broadly on the basis of the efficiency of the acquired data and summarizing the trends from that data. Chart 2 shows the exports of the countries Australia and New Zealand as a percentage of the global GDP. The changes in the trends of the data and the fluctuations in it are shown according to the preferences of the customers. These changes have worn out the geographical barriers as well as initiated the international trade (Flanagan, 2017). These changes in the trends show the changes in demands, technologies and globalization with lesser input costs. This globalization data abridges the effects of growth rates over the year. This data has been collected from the world Bank Data derived in 2016. The variables in this data are year (Quantitative data) and percentage change in GDP (Quantitative data). This data shows the whole population of the country. Thus, this is descriptive statistics and not inferential statistics. The percentages show the increase percentages. They do not show the respective probabilities. The amount each year has been shown in the chart by the line graph. This helps in comparing the data easily. The data in the chart 2 can be improved with the appropriate changes done. This will summarize the changes from the average with the help of the standard deviation of the growth in GDP (Kane et al., 2015). This can be explained with the help of ordinal data collected from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for Australia. The exporters of Australia has been ranked and the top five of the countries has been listed in chart 3 over a five-year period from 1995. From the chart 3 it is clearly visible that since 1995, Japan has been the most important export market for Australia followed by the country China. It can thus be predicted that in the future, China and Japan would the leaders in the export markets of Australia. The data in the following chart 3 is ordinal. The top 5 export markets of Australia has been listed in the chart. The study is experimental, and thus in the later years there is chance of the predictions to change invariably. Chart 5 shows the internet usage of the two countries Australia and New Zealand. The trend lines show that the internet usage in the two countries has been increasing continuously starting from June 2016 until now. The data on the internet usage has been collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is based on the Internet Service Provider Survey conducted by Deloitte. From the chart it can clearly be seen that the rate of increase in the internet usage has constantly been increasing in New Zealand than Australia (Mokyr, Vickers Ziebarth, 2015). The usage of New Zealand has increased from 10,000 Tb in 2011 to 700,000 Tb in 2016. In Australia, the usage has been below 100,000 Tb over the five years from 2011 to 2016. The chart contains the variable year (Quantative variable) and internet usage in Tb (Quantative variable). The data is shown in a ratio scale. The line graphs show the trends in the two countries of Australia and New Zealand and thus can be easily comparable. Again, the exports has to be found out from the increase in the demands in the global markets of the China products. The data on Australia and New Zealand in chart 5 has been collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics updated until June 2016. The values of the goods and services of the countries Australia and New Zealand are given in the form of ratio in scale. The data is shown in chart 11. The exports conducted from Australia contains more goods (78%) but the composition in GDP shows that Australia conducts more exports in services (77%). There is a difference in the opinions from the two graphs. The similar condition has been shown for New Zealand as well. The total export of New Zealand has been of the value of NZ$70.9 billion (Brown, Campbell Crook, 2014). The total exports of the GDP composition has been shown with the help of the doughnut chart. This chart has been used to show the comparison easily between the two countries Australia and New Zealand. The drivers have shown different factors which has illustrated significant changes over the 5 year period mainly for the industries based on services (Curtis et al., 2014). It can be seen that the information, media and telecommunications have occupied the top of the chart. The digitalization and technology has been so famous in the past five years that their growth has been most significant (Brown, Campbell Crook, 2014). From the chart 12, it can also be seen that the three drivers have less than 50 percent coverage for the industries such as forestry but media and communication industry has been covered by the drivers by more than 70 percent. The stacked bar chart shows the top ranked drivers of change over the next five years in the industry. It shows the percentages of the ratio scales of measurements. The results have been calculated using cumulative percentages of the frequency distributions The ogive curve can also illustrate the cumulative percentages. With the help of the stacked histogram, the data can be easily compared. With the help of the data, the changes in technology, government policies and changing preferences can be forecasted following the past trends. As a conclusion, it is very clear that the economic condition of the two countries considered in the report such as Australia and New Zealand is very strong but still its exports has to grown through changing trends globalization and policy. The data can be further analyzed and discussed through the use of appropriate statistical techniques such as with the use of Normal probability distributions. The data of the surveys considered in this assignment has all been collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics with data updated until 2016. The changes in the data could be shown with more clarity by using the techniques of statistical inferences. Time series data can be used for showing the proper predictions in the future. References Brown, D. A., Campbell, K. S. W., Crook, K. A. (2014).The Geological Evolution of Australia New Zealand: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier. Brown, D. A., Campbell, K. S. W., Crook, K. A. (2014).The Geological Evolution of Australia New Zealand: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier. Buckley, P. J., Casson, M. (2016).The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer. Curtis, A., Ross, H., Marshall, G. R., Baldwin, C., Cavaye, J., Freeman, C., ... Syme, G. J. (2014). The great experiment with devolved NRM governance: lessons from community engagement in Australia and New Zealand since the 1980s.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,21(2), 175-199. Feige, D., Vonortas, N. S. (2017). Context appropriate technologies for development: Choosing for the future.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,119, 219-226. Flanagan, S. (2017). Building resilience in Japan-China ties: a role for Australia. Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation.MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press,14. Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., Ziebarth, N. L. (2015). The history of technological anxiety and the future of economic growth: Is this time different?.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), 31-50.

The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay The facet of this essay is to understand the cardinal features of a profession and how it relates to the formalization of the societal work pattern. This will be turn toing the chief elements of a profession including specialised cognition which can be related theoretically cognition, in other words professionals seting theory into pattern and how it develops their competence of their work. The importance of making and preparation ; as to why making and preparation is indispensable furthermore, separating the difference between the traditional makings such as in the 1970s known as the Certificate in Social Services ( CSS ) to the current Social Work grade classs. Another constituent of a profession is the importance of liberty and how it can impact on a societal worker in footings of decision-making. For illustration, societal workers may meet liberty when it comes to commanding their ain personal businesss. However, in relation to the demands of service users, they may be issues of trouble organizing relationships with the service users as the inordinate sum of caseloads or high public and service demands. This may do an condensation within the services and the service users because the importance of liberty is holding duties to yourself and the services you offer at the same clip. The ethical guidelines as to what is and non acceptable within a profession. Associating to societal work, the essay will discourse what model that has been set up to guarantee ethical positions are taking into history. The British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) is one of the facets that recognised the cardinal rules of ethical ethical motives and positions. Finally, the essay will discourse the different types of regulative models that were introduced to keep high criterions of attention for the demands of the service users. We will write a custom essay sample on The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A profession means a group of people that are specialised in a peculiar business. For illustration, an person that is a physician can be specialised in kids, therefore their business would be called baby doctors. Profession consists of professionals that have the same involvement, accomplishments based on theoretical cognition. Therefore it is of import that professionals should hold extended period of instruction to act upon the competence of their profession. Hodson and Sullivan ( 2005, p. 258 ) implies that profession is a high position and knowledge-based business that is characterised by the Hallmarks of a profession . The trademark of profession suggest profession is split into 4 chief constituents that are based on abstract, specialized cognition, liberty, Authority over low-level occupational groups and a certain grade of selflessness. Specialized cognition consists of theoretical, practical and techniques. The theoretical cognition would concentrate on theoretical guidelines as to what is expected by professionals. In dealingss to societal work, theoretical cognition is a important component to their profession as seting theory into pattern ; it helps sociables workers develop to believe critically and analytically. Oke ( 2008 ) suggest that one manner of associating theory into pattern is known as issue-based attack to acquisition ( IBL ) . IBL encourages meaningful acquisition as for illustration, treating information from a beginning can assist promote a automatic procedure of thought as it explore further on about thoughts and theorize in ways you can set the theories into pattern. By agencies of societal workers using the IBL efficaciously, it would heighten societal workers to work proactively as they would be capable of authorising schemes support the demands and wants of the service users. The competency o f cognition is a cardinal to profession as Payne ( 2005 p. 185 ) suggests professionalism, associated with increasing administration alongside increasing cognition and power. Therefore, this may associate to entry of making, the higher the making the more competent on their apprehension of seting theories into pattern. Learning new information invariably develops the self-knowledge and enables to travel in-depth of apprehension. Harris ( 2003 pp.133-4 ) argued that societal work preparation helps societal workers become a competent and accountable professionals . This may be a combination of educational establishment and societal work bureaus. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social work ( CCETSW ) supported the preparation strategy financially through the cardinal authorities. Before the mid-1980 s when the CCETSW introduced the certification in Social Services ( CSS ) , the inclination was pupils that obtained the CSS were more likely to go societal workers. Higham ( 2006, p. 16 ) argued that this meant people that worked within societal attention did nt suit in with the model with societal workers in the 1970 s. This is because obtaining the making became demanding between societal work and societal attention, hence the CCETSW was worried if there was suited sum of preparation resources available for societal attention staff that was desired to go a qualified societal worker. Matching to Horner ( 2009 p.94 -5 ) , he signified that since the outgrowth of the Diploma in Social Work ( DipSW ) in 1989 there has been an addition of societal workers. This could associate to the discontinued of the CSS making in 1992 ended and the start of preparation classs including worked-based vocational making emerged such as National Vocational Qualification ( NVQs ) . In 1992 the National Standards for Training and Development introduced the Worked-based vocational making which was made with a difference as there was no set course of study, specified programmes or examination- it was assessment based. Before there were societal attention workers that were already employed but did non accomplish a formal making as it was non regarded at that clip. Higham ( 2006 ) argued that statistics shows in the twelvemonth 2000 around 80 % of the work force did nt non obtain a making or had making that was non related to their business. This shows there was deficiency of competence within societ al attention professions which may hold compelled issues associated with insufficiency of coverage and recording processs, keeping confidentiality, truth of information and taking into history of the current policies and processs. The DipSW does non be any longer ; people that are developing to go societal workers would now necessitate The Social Work degree class to go a qualified societal worker. Chiefly, the formalization of developing based on societal work emerged from societal attention. Traditionally, society viewed societal work and societal attention as a synonymous profession. Steadily societal work had developed acknowledgment in relation to their profession which had gained them distinctive features than the societal attention profession. However, both professions overlap each other and organize a relationship together to ease people with their quality of life. Autonomy is another portion of a profession harmonizing to the four trademarks. It is common that professionals have a inclination to command their ain personal businesss based on their professional accomplishments and cognition. Social work values autonomy in footings of determination devising. For illustration, societal workers may demand liberty in footings of constructing a relationship with the service users more than the heavy caseloads they may meet as the unjust caseloads can forestall societal workers from undertaking efficaciously the issues that may take to put on the line upon service users. Roe ( 2006, p.15 ) study emphasises with societal workers because he argues that they are constrained by line direction agreements that require escalation of determination doing up a concatenation of bid in order to pull off budgets or hazard . This argues that societal workers are refrained from professional liberty as the consequence of force per unit area of their line directio n ; this suggest that line directions chief precedence in footings of determination devising is to see appropriate determination doing takes topographic point ( taking into consideration manageable budgets and the bar against hazard towards service user ) . Others may reason that there is deficiency of professional liberty within societal work because of the limitation from the populace and within the service demands. Social workers are perceived as authorized professionals that are entitled to independent determination devising in order to run into the demands of service users ; Harkness and Kadushin ( 2002, p 468 ) suggest that professional liberty is about holding duties to themselves and the services they offer. Therefore, if there was a lack of liberty within the societal workers, this would strongly wide services and societal workers would accordingly experience greater force per unit area from the populace and other bureaus of presenting their full potency due to the boundar ies of what they may meet. An issue that may originate for a societal worker is it acceptable to follow their inherent aptitude to protect and run into the demands of the service user, even though it may be unacceptable within the regulations and ordinances of the profession. Prolonging liberty in a societal work profession is imperative as it promotes societal workers to actively prosecute with other multi- bureau professionals which would hike their assurance and helped them make their full potency. In relation to a grade of selflessness, there are codifications of moralss for professionals within any business that are put in topographic point for professionals to seek counsel through competence, pattern and admiting the complexness of state of affairss. In other words, it is recognised as a systematic model as to what is ethically acceptable. On the other manus, codification of moralss within professionals offers counsel for every credible state of affairs, which means it can be perceived as generic and non the usage of specific regulations. Despite the codifications of moralss being generic, it plays a function for the societal work proviso. The British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) introduced the codifications of moralss for societal work, values and rules that established the five chief key rules such as human self-respect and worth, societal justness, service to humanity, unity and competency ; they were put in topographic point to guarantee that in dealingss to st ruggles and revelation is honest, just and accurate. Besides to do certain professionals are compliant with the statute laws and ordinances. Despite, codifications of moralss can be misinterpreted or ignored by professionals ; non merely may the hazard of disciplinary action, but this as a consequence put the service users at hazard. However, it is of import within the societal work profession for societal workers to do mature determination every bit good as apprehension and taking into history the value of issues that societal workers may confront. It is important for professionals to follow the cognition and accomplishments gained through experience and makings in order transportation the accomplishments achieved to assist advance new functions and attacks to run intoing the demands of the service users. Within a profession there are codifications of pattern which is expected by employees to follow and set into pattern ; it normally consists of the lineations of behavior. The significance of the codifications of pattern would guarantee high criterions of their occupation functions are being met. This would non merely profit the profession as a whole but besides the employees, employers and the wider society. Comparison to the societal work profession, they have a similar construct as a scope of administrations had been put in topographic point to guarantee that it promotes high criterions within the profession. To keep the confidence, ordinance within the service ( including instruction and preparation ) and affairs of misconduct was a high precedence harmonizing to the UK authorities. These administrations included The Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2000 ( SCIE ) , The Commission for Social Care Inspection, 2004 ( CSCI ) , The General Social Care Council, 2003 ( GSCC ) and Sk ills for Care this was known as the large four Horner ( 2009, p 118 ) . Each of ordinance has their ain intent to guarantee high criterions of attention were precedence. The SCIE chief duty is to guarantee that societal attention professionals are able to place and widen cognition about good pattern such as counsel and developing professional criterions. The CSCI chief responsibility is guarantee that review and monitoring services within the wellness and societal attention services were affirmatory quality of protecting service users or patients from possible hazard of the service users or patients demands. Furthermore, The GSCC regulates societal workers including societal attention professionals by locating them onto a registry. The registry ensures merely professionals with the needed making and adhered the occupational criterions are echt to working with service users particularly the vulnerable. Furthermore, the Skills for Care modulate the preparation processes within the s ocietal sector. This may include developing makings and measuring the societal sector developing demands to guarantee competence within cognition is changeless throughout the preparation that is supplied to the societal attention and societal work professionals. Overall, the regulative models may hold different missions but they all form a relationship that supports and promotes quality criterions to the staffs, services and developing within the societal attention proviso. Regulations are of import within a profession to guarantee professionals are carry throughing the functions satisfactory and sensitively harmonizing to the public involvement. It is of import that the Social work profession should be able to place when the criterions are to some extent weakness, it should take instant action as it is their duty as a profession to take the taking function in professional administration. This will forestall drastic quandaries which can damage the profession position. To reason, to an extent societal work can be said to be a professional as comparison to a profession with a societal work profession there are similarities. In relation to knowledge, the societal work professionals would hold some grade of theoretical cognition. For illustration, harmonizing to Payne the power of professionalism involves the competency through cognition. This may reason that societal workers who obtained a societal work grade would hold higher making alongside increasing cognition and authorization as they more understanding of seting theoretical claims into pattern. In relation to developing profession necessitate preparation to maintain up to day of the month with current accomplishments, statute laws and knowledge so that they can supply a better service to their clients. Social work profession has a history of different attacks to preparation and development to a point of needed a degree alternatively of a sheepskin to go a societal worker. Professional liberty w ithin profession is about professionals covering with their ain personal businesss. Corresponding, societal work is between decision-making and taking into consideration ethical positions as to what is acceptable. To a grade of selflessness professionals would seek counsel through competence, experiences and understanding complexness of quandary. This construct is the same factor for a societal work profession as societal workers would necessitate to follow their codification of pattern coherently. To guarantee that the profession is run intoing the codifications of pattern, ordinance is maintained through administrations including the SCIE, CSCI, GSCC and Skills for attention. In general, societal work can be recognised as a profession. Furthermore, throughout the old ages Social work profession repute has been damage to extent as qualified societal workers go forthing the profession as they feel it is demanding profession.